作者 | 廣果学习中心
- Old-to-New information flow 是指利用前一句提到的信息与下一句相衔接的方式使文意流畅。
- General-Specific 是指从一般到特殊的写作结构,通常用在论文首段,为引出全文主旨而服务。
每篇论文都有一个主题和研究对象,这些往往是很窄的一个话题,如果在全文开篇就进入很窄的讨论,显然不利于与读者沟通。所以写作中往往采用一般的、为人所知的陈述开头,然后再慢慢过渡到自己要讨论的研究内容,这样的一个过渡结构就称为从一般到特殊 (General-Specific) 结构[1].但如何顺利过渡却有一定的技巧性,合理使用 Old-to-New information flow可以帮助完成过渡[1]。下面以一篇论文 [2] 的开头为例,说明 Old-to-New information flow 在 General-Specific 结构中的应用。
“Understanding cortical function requires unraveling synaptic connectivity in cortical circuits, that is, establishing the wiring diagrams. Although smaller wiring diagrams can be reconstructed using electron microscopy, reconstruction on the scale of a cortical column is impossible with current technology. Even if such a possibility were within reach, synaptic connectivity likely varies from animal to animal and within one animal over time. Therefore, a reasonable approach is to describe synaptic connectivity statistically, or probabilistically. Such statistical description may be based on random sampling of connections with multineuron recordings.”
其中斜体部分显示的是 Old-to-New information flow。可以看到,文章开头使用的关键词比较 general,譬如 cortical function 和 synaptic connectivity,这些都是帮助确定文章主题范围的。段末作者想要提出 random sampling of connections 的概念,比较 specific。这里作者采取的措施就是通过使用 general-specific 和old-to-new information 的技巧,将关键词从 synaptic connectivity 转换到了 random sampling of connections,这样作者在下文就可以继续针对 random sampling of connections 展开讨论。如果作者在文章首句就提出 random sampling 的概念,那对于文章的开头来说就有些过于细节化了。
参考文献:
[1] Swales JM, Feak CB, Academic Writing for Graduate Students: Essential Tasks and Skills, University of Michigan Press ELT; 3rd edition (2012)
[2] Song S, Sjöström PJ, Reigl M, Nelson S, Chklovskii DB (2005) Highly Nonrandom Features of Synaptic Connectivity in Local Cortical Circuits. PLoS Biol 3(3): e68.